If you have used Disk Utility to create an encrypted .dmg and it will no longer open with the correct password I suggest you make
absolutely sure you are using the correct password. Make sure you don't have Caps Lock on or if you have the password recorded somewhere on your computer try copying and pasting the password into the password field.
As you don't have a TM backup there really aren't too many other options unless, as others have suggested, you can restore your files from SuperDuper. I don't use that app myself.
I have used the Disk Utility created encrypted .dmg's for various purposes myself over the years and I'm very aware that if the password is lost the only option is to erase the .dmg thus losing the contents in order to reclaim the storage space it used. Fortunately that can be done without the password.
So, not too many suggestions here, just make sure you
are using the right password.
